http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech This section contains information about computer networking topologies and media. en-us Sat, 10 Jun 2023 10:25:14 GMT http://www.rssboard.org/rss-specification http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/75062001.asp At some point in your IT career you will need remote access. There are more options than ever before in this regard. Sat, 10 Jun 2023 10:25:14 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/76071601.asp This article presents a high-level overview of how DNS works. it focuses on the hostname-to-IP-address translation service. Sun, 15 May 2022 07:33:39 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/76072001.asp Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the effort to connect everyday objects to the Internet in order to make them smart. Many wireless technologies are used to make IoT a reality. Wed, 11 May 2022 09:22:48 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/76081001.asp When a switch receives a broadcast frame, the switch floods the frame out all switch ports other than the port on which the frame was received. Wed, 20 Apr 2022 10:05:08 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/76081101.asp When a switch receives a broadcast frame the switch floods the frame out all switch ports other than the port on which the frame was received. Because a layer 2 frame does not have a TTL (Time to live) field, a broadcast frame endlessly circulates through the Layer 2 topology. Tue, 19 Apr 2022 08:12:42 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/76093001.asp In recent years, companies such as Amazon, Google, and Microsoft have built massive data centers, each housing tens to hundreds of thousands of hosts, and concurrently supporting many distinct cloud applications. Each data center has its own data center network that interconnects its hosts and interconnects the data center with the Internet. Tue, 01 Mar 2022 08:36:51 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/76101101.asp Bandwidth is the overshadowing issue for most network quality problems. The response to that problem is often to add more bandwidth. However, more bandwidth often comes at a relativel high cost. Thu, 17 Feb 2022 06:17:10 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/76112101.asp Voice over IP (VoIP) is a technology that digitizes speech into packets and transmits those packets across a data network. This allows voice, data, and video to share the same medium. Mon, 10 Jan 2022 08:13:10 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/77000901.asp With a proxy server, instead of connecting directly to a server that can fulfill a requested resource, such as a file or web page, the client directs the request to the proxy server, which evaluates the request and performs the required network transactions. Wed, 22 Dec 2021 05:22:50 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/77001002.asp A VPN (Virtual Private Network) uses 'tunneling', a process by which secure, encrypted packets are sent over a publicly shared network. Tue, 21 Dec 2021 12:54:11 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/77002002.asp An access point is a network device that creates a wireless LAN (WLAN) and might also connect to a wired router to allow wireless devices to connect to the wired LAN. Sat, 11 Dec 2021 07:57:20 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/77002102.asp Routers are sometimes confused with network hubs, modems, or network switches. However, routers can also provide additional features such as embedded firewall and content filtering software that provides an additional protection from unwanted content and malicious websites. Fri, 10 Dec 2021 10:14:31 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/77010801.asp Unlike a hub, which blindly forwards received bits, a bridge makes intelligent forwarding decisions based on the destination MAC address in a frame. Mon, 22 Nov 2021 09:47:47 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/77011201.asp A hub lives at Layer 1 of the OSI model, so it does not make forwarding decisions. Instead, a hub receives bits on one port and then retransmits those bits out all other ports. Because of this a hub is sometimes called a repeater. Thu, 18 Nov 2021 13:55:01 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/77012602.asp Routing is where routers select the paths for packets to travel from their source to their destination. The process performed by a router directs forwarding by the use of of routing tables. Thu, 04 Nov 2021 14:35:37 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/81012301.asp Increased data center densities enable operators to meet the demands of cloud and hyper-scale environments. As more power is consumed per rack, however, heat becomes a big problem. Most modern data centers have adopted some sort of aisle-containment solution to minimize the mixing of hot and cold air. Tue, 07 Nov 2017 21:35:16 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/81021401.asp Each port on a network switch would be connected to one network device, such as a computer. But to connect a server you need higher bandwidth. For this purpose you could combine multiple Ethernet channels into one. Tue, 17 Oct 2017 14:47:50 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/81052701.asp "A VLAN is a LOGICAL network where devices might be on separate PHYSICAL networks. The purpose of implementing a VLAN is to improve the performance of a network or apply security features. Tue, 04 Jul 2017 16:09:54 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/82030702.asp Although the need for storage available over a shared network is evident, it is not always clear which solution is right for your organization. There are a variety of options available, direct-attached storage (DAS), network-attached storage (NAS) and storage area networks (SAN). Fri, 23 Sep 2016 17:44:53 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/82031501.asp Frame Relay is WAN protocol and operates for LAN internetworking at data link layers. It is a packet-switched technology designed for swift digital transmission of data. Data integrity is not guaranteed and packets are discarded during network congestion. Thu, 15 Sep 2016 16:20:48 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/82032201.asp Pseudo-wire is a mechanism used in networking and telecommunications to emulate various services using packet switched networks with technologies such as Ethernet, MPLS (Multi Protocol Labelled Switching) and IP (Internet Protocol). Thu, 08 Sep 2016 15:03:24 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/82050901.asp In Ad Hoc mode devices make wireless connections directly between computers, Infrastructure mode wireless devices use access points (WAPs), switches, and routers to connect. Fri, 22 Jul 2016 15:31:34 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/83022002.asp All-optical switching is a process by which light in the form of digital communication signals is routed from one transmission channel to another without intermediate conversion to another format. Sun, 11 Oct 2015 17:06:58 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/83022101.asp MPO stands for Multi-fibre Push On and is a fiber optic connector type. MTP is a registered trademark of US Conec. The MTP design complies with the MPO standard. Sat, 10 Oct 2015 17:33:01 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/85101102.asp Multihoming is essentially a method whereby a company can connect to more than one ISP at the same time. The concept was born out of the need to protect Internet access in the event of either an ISP link failure or an ISP internal failure. Tue, 17 Feb 2015 15:34:47 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/86020701.asp Newer switches now use ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuits) for high speed hardware switching of packets. This results in much faster performance than packets processed in software. Fri, 24 Oct 2014 15:55:40 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/86052903.asp One of the most confusing things to understand in computer networking is the difference between a broadcast domain and a collision domain. Much of the confusion results because of the operation of a network switch. Wed, 02 Jul 2014 21:38:11 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/86102201.asp Two major types of optical fibers exist for communication systems: multimode and single mode. Multimode fiber can carry many modes of light rays, while single mode fiber can only carry one mode of light ray. Thu, 06 Feb 2014 17:11:13 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/86102401.asp There have been over 100 different fiber optic connectors developed over the years but a select few have stood the test of time and beat out their competition. In this article we talk about the most common. Tue, 04 Feb 2014 20:37:22 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/87023001.asp Computer networking devices, also known as networking hardware or network equipment are components connected to the network by network media. This article describes the function of the hub, bridge, switch, router, gateway, multilayer switch, and brouter. Tue, 01 Oct 2013 16:46:34 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/87040501.asp Routers direct traffic between networks or subnetworks to transport a packet to its destination. Distance Vector routing uses the hop count as its routing metric. Link State routing use statistics like distance, link speed, and traffic to calculate the cost of different routes through the Internet. Mon, 26 Aug 2013 18:49:16 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/87040903.asp Routers direct traffic between networks or subnetworks. With static routing a network administrator manually creates the router's routing table. With dynamic routing the router learn about networks use routing protocols like RIP, RIP2, EIGRP, OSPF, or BGP. Thu, 22 Aug 2013 22:27:56 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/87041101.asp A network switch is used to route data over a communication network. There are four major types of a switches. It can either be an unmanaged switch, a managed switch, a smart switch or an enterprise managed switch. Each kind of switch has its own strengths and weaknesses. Tue, 20 Aug 2013 16:01:38 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/87051501.asp ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) is a network technology to provide broadband services for the transmission of voice, video, and data at speeds up to 1Gbps. Tue, 16 Jul 2013 16:05:23 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/87051901.asp This article describes the different twisted pair cable types, Cat5, Cat5e, Cat6, Cat6A, their construction and application. Fri, 12 Jul 2013 15:52:39 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/87080402.asp A network switch operates at layer 2 the OSI model. A multilayer switch also works at layer 3 or higher, all the way up to layer 6 of the OSI model. Fri, 26 Apr 2013 17:13:42 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/88082802.asp SONET (Synchronous Optical Networking) standards were developed to take advantage of low-cost transmission over optical fibers. It defines a hierarchy of data rates, formats and optical signal specifications. Mon, 02 Apr 2012 19:07:24 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/88091701.asp Bridges are used to divide larger networks into smaller sections. A bridge reads a frame's MAC address, and decides to either forward or filte the frame from crossing the bridge to the other part of the network. Wed, 14 Mar 2012 15:50:30 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/88091902.asp An Ethernet switch is a networking device that is able to interrogate the data within the Ethernet Frames to provide forwarding and filtering and loop avoidance. Mon, 12 Mar 2012 19:23:33 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/89000801.asp A bridge uses a database to send frames across network segments. The database is a list of nodes MAC addresses and their locations on the network. To send a frame between two segments a bridge reads a frame's destination MAC address and decides to either forward or filter. Fri, 23 Dec 2011 19:34:45 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/89001301.asp Fiber media converters are used to convert electrical signal to light signal and vice versa. They are basically used as network extenders to extend the distance from several hundreds of feet to several thousands meters. Sun, 18 Dec 2011 16:01:17 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/90020401.asp Spanning Tree is an algorithm that runs on Layer 2 campus switches for preventing Layer 2 loops and broadcast storms on a network with at least 2 switches or bridges. The algorithm determines what ports at each switch or bridge must be blocked to create a loop free topology. Wed, 27 Oct 2010 20:57:31 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/90020901.asp Wireless access points operate as bridges with no routing defined anywhere on the wireless network segment. VLANs are defined on the wired switches and mapped with specific SSIDs at each access point. The wireless client associates with a specific SSID which in turn will map client with membership in a specific VLAN. Fri, 22 Oct 2010 14:58:03 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/91111201.asp The most common components on a computer network, not counting cables, are "routers", "hubs", and "switches". Many of these modules can be appear similar and there can be significant overlap in roles. This article explains the difference between these important network components. Mon, 19 Jan 2009 15:05:12 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/91111504.asp Every entity on a network, a PC, printer, router, etc., that needs to communicate with other devices must have a NIC if it is to communicate over the network. NIC functionality is now often integrated into the motherboard chipset or implemented with a dedicated Ethernet chip on the motherboard. Fri, 16 Jan 2009 19:08:28 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92011102.asp Bluetooth wireless technology is a specification for a wireless connection that provides links between mobile computers, mobile phones, other portable handheld devices, and connectivity to the Internet. Wed, 19 Nov 2008 15:52:11 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92011201.asp If a home has multiple computers, it makes sense for them to share files and an Internet connection. This two-part article will provide an introduction to the basic hardware and security related considerations involved in wireless networking. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92021604.asp By this point, most of America already has a Broadband Connection to the Internet. But for those that have not yet taken the plunge, a world of benefits awaits you. Broadband can get you surfing up to 50 times faster than a typical 56K modem. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92042502.asp The use of an integrated best practices approach to data center management involves efficient management of resources while still minimizing the costs of all the different interrelated competing factors that require attention. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92050301.asp For someone who needs a quick clarification on the matter, a hub combines all linked computers or workstations into a network, while router links two separate and distinct networks to each other. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92050804.asp Bit error ratio (BER) measurement is the fundamental measurement of the quality of the fiber optic communication system. It measures the system's probability that transmitted bits will be correctly received as logic ones and zeros. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92051003.asp Light can be reflected back and forth. In fiber optic networks, the reflections are harmful to the system. That's where fiber optic isolator comes to play. Optical isolators stop back-reflection. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92051701.asp A fiber optic attenuator, also called an optical attenuator, simulates the loss the would be caused by a long length of fiber. For a fiber optic receiver, too much light can overload it and degrade the bit error ratio. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92052001.asp An optical circulator is an nonreciprocal passive device that directs light sequentially from port to port in only one direction. The operation of a circulator is similar to that of an isolator except its constructions is more complex. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92052401.asp Fiber optic cables are exposed to electrical, mechanical, chemical and environmental elements, so proper installation is critical for the long-term stability and survival of fiber cables. Cable installation must also meet the NEC (National Electric Code) and local building codes. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92052403.asp In fiber optic networks, OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) is an opto-electronic instrument used to characterize an optical fiber. An OTDR may be used for estimating the fiber's length and overall attenuation, including splice and mated-connector losses. It may also be used to locate faults, such as breaks. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92060403.asp Outdoor fiber cables must endure harsh environment factors so outdoor cables must be strong, weatherproof and UV resistant. Indoor fiber cables should possess NEC required fire and smoke ratings. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92060701.asp Just like copper cables, NEC (National Electrical Code) requires indoor fiber optic cables be marked with their fire and smoking ratings. According to NEC, a building's inside area is divided into three types of sections: plenums, risers and general purpose areas. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92062601.asp Fiber optic couplers are needed for tapping (monitoring the signal quality) or more complex telecommunication systems which require more than simple point-to-point connections, such as ring architectures, bus architectures and star architectures. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92070303.asp Do you want the freedom of a wireless network, or do you want the security and reliability of a wired network? Both networks can provide you with great service and expandability, but each one varies in size, reliability, cost and speed. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92070503.asp Splicing is the practice of joining two fibers together without using connectors. Two types of fiber splices exist: fusion splicing and mechanical splicing. Splicing may be made during installation or repair. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92091303.asp Some FTTx such as FTTN (fiber to the node), FTTC (fiber to the curb) depend on copper wires for final connection to the customers premises which contrasts with FTTP. FTTP can be further categorized into FTTH (fiber to the home), FTTB (fiber to the building), etc. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92091305.asp The basic philosophy of modern LAN wiring is the concept of structured cabling. The entire networking system is broken up into chunks that allow workstation wires to be concentrated. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92091901.asp Fiber optic connectors can be divided into three groups: simplex, duplex and multiple fiber connectors. Simplex connector means only one fiber is terminated in the connector. Duplex connector means two fibers are terminated in the connector. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92100001.asp What is the most time consuming work in building a fiber network? Two works are usually thelargest line items in an fiber optic network installation budget: pulling the fiber optic cables and terminating or splicing the cables. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92100002.asp During fiber optic network installation, maintenance, or restoration, it is also often necessary to identify a specific fiber without disrupting live service. This battery powered instrument looks like a long handheld bar and is called fiber identifier or live fiber identifier. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/92100003.asp A private network is one which does not connect directly to the internet, but does allow you to connect to other computers that are on the same physical network. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/93042101.asp Wireless LAN (WLAN) is a wireless broadband technology that utilizes radio frequency (RF) to transmit and receive data through the air There are two competing RF technologies in the use of Wireless LAN, the IEEE 802.11 standard and proprietary technologies. Both fall under wireless broadband technology. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/93042102.asp Wireless networking allows computers and peripherals to communicate using radio frequency (RF) transmissions rather than over conventional network cabling. Using wireless Ethernet adaptors, any device capable of being used on a regular computer network can be accessed over a wireless connection. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/93050101.asp The terms "hub", "switch", and "router" are often used interchangeably and - in fact, the devices are quite different. Hubs are used to simply interconnect individual computers. Switches do the same more efficiently. However, routers interconnect different networks (as opposed to individual machines). Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/94002501.asp Whereas the standard network may use twisted-pair cabling, the System Area Network may use separate fiber-optic cabling. System Area Network interface cards are special high speed circuits that provide communications between the servers over the System Area Network. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/94100001.asp A wireless LAN (WLAN or WiFi) provides network connectivity by using radio waves rather than cable. Wireless devices can communicate with each other or they can communicate through a wireless access point (WAP) to a wired network. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/94100101.asp The Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) uses pulses of light and fiber optic cable to send signals with a 100 Mbps throughput over dual counter-rotating rings. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/96091401.asp The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The IEEE sets up committees to define industry standards. The IEEE 802 committee sets the standards for networking. The IEEE subcommittee 802.3 sets the standard for Ethernet. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/97090740.asp In 1973 Xerox invented Ethernet to solve the problem of transferring data between computers. In the early 1980s Xerox turned over control of the Standard to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The IEEE subcommittee 802.3 sets the standard for Ethernet. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/97090750.asp In 1984 IBM invented Token Ring. The token ring network may be setup with a physical ring topology, but is usually implemented in a physical star topology. The central device of the token ring is called a Multistation Access Unit. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT http://bucarotechelp.com/networking/nwtech/97092040.asp The physical arrangement of the cables, computers and components is referred to as the networks topology. There are five basic topologies, bus, star, ring, mesh, and wireless. Sun, 2 Nov 2008 16:48:59 GMT