# How to Learn Algebra

Learning algebra can seem intimidating, but once you get the hang of it, it's not that hard! You just have to follow the order for completing parts of the equation and keep your work organized to avoid mistakes!

Learn Basic Algebra Rules

Review your basic math operations

To start learning algebra, you'll need to know basic math skills such as adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing. This primary/elementary school math is essential before you start learning algebra. If you don't have these skills mastered, it will be tricky to tackle the more complex concepts taught in algebra.

You don't necessarily need to be great at doing these basic operations in your head to do algebra problems. Many algebra classes will allow you to use a calculator to save time when doing these simple operations. You should, however, at least know how to do these operations without a calculator for when you aren't allowed to use one.

Know the order of operations

One of the trickiest things about solving an algebra equation as a beginner is knowing where to start. Luckily, there's a specific order for solving these problems: first do any math operations in parentheses, then do exponents, then multiply, then divide, then add, and finally subtract.

A handy tool for remembering this order of operations is the acronym PEMDAS. Learn how to apply the order of operations here. To recap, the order of operations is:

Parentheses
Exponents
Multiplication
Division
Subtraction

The order of operations is important in algebra because doing the operations in an algebra problem in the wrong order can sometimes affect the answer. For instance, if we're dealing with the math problem 8 + 2 x 5, if we add 2 to 8 first, we get 10 x 5 = 50, but if we multiply 2 and 5 first, we get 8 + 10 = 18. Only the second answer is correct.

Know how to use negative numbers

In algebra, it's common to use negative numbers, so it's smart to review how to add, subtract, multiply, and divide negatives before starting to learn algebra. Below are just a few negative number basics to keep in mind.

[image of number line]

On a number line, a negative version of a number is the same distance from zero as the positive, but in the opposite direction.

Adding two negative numbers together makes the number more negative (in other words, the digits will be higher, but since the number is negative, it counts as being lower).

Two negative signs cancel out - subtracting a negative number is the same as adding a positive number.

Multiplying or dividing two negative numbers gives a positive answer.

Multiplying or dividing a positive number and a negative number gives a negative answer.

Know how to keep long problems organized.

While simple algebra problems can be a snap to solve, more complicated problems can take many, many steps. To avoid errors, keep your work organized by starting a new line every time you make a step toward solving your problem. If you're dealing with a two-sided equation, try to write all the equals signs directly underneath each other. This way, if you make a mistake somewhere, it'll be much easier to find and correct.

For example, to solve the equation 9/3 - 5 + 3 x 4, we might keep our problem organized like this:

y = 9/3 - 5 + 3 x 4
y = 9/3 - 5 + 12
y = 3 - 5 + 12
y = 3 + 7
y = 10

Understanding Variables

Look for symbols that aren't numbers

In algebra, you'll see letters and symbols appear in your math problems, rather than just numbers. These are called variables. Variables aren't as confusing as they may first seem - they're just ways of showing numbers with unknown values. Below are just a few common examples of variables in algebra:

Letters like x, y, z, a, b, and c, and Greek letters like θ.

Note that not all symbols are unknown variables. For instance, π, which represents the ratio of the circumference of a circle its diameter, equal to about 3.14159, and e, which represents the base of the natural logarithms, equal to about 2.71828.

Your goal in an algebra problem is to figure out what the value of the variable is.

For example, in the equation 2x + 3 = 11, x is our variable. This means that there's some value that goes in the place of x to make the left side of the equation equal 11. Since 2 x 4 + 3 = 11, in this case, x = 4.

An easy way to start understanding variables is to replace them with question marks in algebra problems. For example, we might re-write the equation 2 + 3 + x = 9 as 2 + 3 + ? = 9. This makes it easier to understand what we're trying to do - we just need to find out what number to add to 2 + 3 = 5 to get 9. The answer is again 4, of course.

Watch for recurring variables

What do you do if the same variable appears more than once in the equation? Though this situation may seem tricky to solve, you can actually treat variables how you'd treat normal numbers - in other words, you can add them, subtract them, and so on as long as you only combine variables that are alike. In other words, x + x = 2x, but x + y doesn't equal 2xy.

For example, let's look at the equation 2x + 1x = 9. In this case, we can add 2x and 1x together to get 3x = 9. Since 3 x 3 = 9, we know that x = 3.

Note again that you can only add the same variables together. In the equation 2x + 1y = 9, we can't combine 2x and 1y because they are two different variables.

This is also true for when one variable has a different exponent than another. For instance, in the equation 2x + 3x2 = 10, we can't combine 2x and 3x2 because the x variables have different exponents.

Learning to Solve Equations by "Canceling"

Try to get the variable by itself in algebra equations

Solving an equation in algebra usually means finding out what the value of the variable is. Algebra equations are usually set up with numbers and/or variables on both sides, like this: x + 2 = 9 x 4. To figure out what the variable is, you need to get it by itself on one side of the equals sign. Whatever is left on the other side of the equals sign is your answer.

x + 2 = 9 x 4
x + 2 - 2 = 9 x 4 - 2
x = 36 - 2
x = 34

In the example (x + 2 = 9 x 4), to get x by itself on the left side of the equation, we need to get rid of the "+ 2". To do this, we'll simply subtract 2 from that side, leaving us with x = 9 x 4. However, to keep both sides of the equation equal, we also need to subtract 2 from the other side. This leaves us with x = 9 x 4 - 2. Following the order of operations, we multiply first, then subtract, giving us an answer of x = 36 - 2 = 34.

Cancel addition with subtraction (and vice versa)

As we just saw above, getting x by itself on one side of the equals sign usually means getting rid of the numbers next to it. To do this, we perform the "opposite" operation on both sides of the equation.

x + 3 = 0
x + 3 - 3 = -3
x = -3

For instance, in the equation x + 3 = 0, since we see a "+ 3" next to our x, we'll put a "- 3" on both sides. The "+ 3" and "- 3", leaving x by itself and "-3" on the other side of the equals sign, like this: x = -3.

In general, addition and subtraction are like "opposites" - do one to get rid of the other. See below:

x + 9 = 3
x + 9 - 9 = 3 - 9
x = -6

For addition, subtract. Example: x + 9 = 3 → x = 3 - 9

x - 4 = 20
x - 4 + 4 = 20 + 4
x = 24

For subtraction, add. Example: x - 4 = 20 → x = 20 + 4

Cancel multiplication with division (and vice versa)

Multiplication and division are a little harder to work with than addition and subtraction, but they have the same "opposite" relationship. If you see a "x 3" on one side, you'll cancel it by dividing both sides by 3, and so on.

With multiplication and division, you must perform the opposite operation on everything on the other side of the equals sign, even if it's more than one number. See below:

For multiplication, divide. Example:

6x = 14 + 2
(6x)/6 = (14 + 2)/6
x = (14 + 2)
x = 16

For division, multiply. Example:

x/5 = 25
(x/5) x 5 = 25 x 5
x = 125

Cancel exponents by taking the root (and vice versa)

Exponents are a fairly advanced pre-algebra topic - if you don't know how to do them, see our basic exponent article for more information. The "opposite" of an exponent is the root that has the same number as it. For example, the opposite of the 2 exponent is a square root, the opposite of the 3 exponent is the cube root, and so on.

It may be a little confusing, but, in these cases, you take the root of both sides when dealing with an exponent. On the other hand, you take the exponent of both sides when you're dealing with a root. See below:

For exponents, take the root. Example:

x2 = 49
x = $\sqrt{49}$

For roots, take the exponent. Example:

$\sqrt{x}=12$
x = 122

Try expanding your skill

When you're confident with basic algebra, try factoring. One of the trickiest algebra skills of all is factoring - a sort of shortcut for getting complex equations into simple forms. Below are just a few quick tips for factoring equations:

Equations with the form ax + ba factor to a(x + b).

Example: 2x + 4 = 2(x + 2)

Equations with the form ax2 + bx factor to cx((a/c)x + (b/c)) where c is the biggest number that divides into a and b evenly.

Example: 3y2 + 12y = 3y(y + 4)

Equations with the form x2 + bx + c factor to (x + y)(x + z) where y x z = c and yx + zx = bx.

Example: x2 + 4x + 3 = (x + 3)(x + 1).

Exploring Intermediate Topics

Learn to graph x/y equations

Graphs can be valuable tools in algebra because they allow you to display ideas that you'd usually need numbers for in easy-to-understand pictures. Usually, in beginning algebra, graphing problems are restricted to equations with two variables (usually x and y) and are done on a simple 2-D graph with an x axis and a y axis. With these equations, all you need to do is plug in a value for x, then solve for y (or do the reverse) to get two numbers that correspond to a point on the graph.

For example, in the equation y = 2x, if we plug in 2 for x, we get y = 4. This means that the point (2,4) (two spaces to the right of center and four spaces above center) is part of this equation's graph.

Equations with the form y = mx + b (where m and b are numbers) are especially common in basic algebra. These equations always have a slope of m and cross the y axis at y = b.

Learn to solve inequalities

What do you do when your equation doesn't use an equals sign? Nothing much different than what you'd normally do, it turns out. For inequalities, which use signs like > ("greater than") and < ("less than"), just solve as normal. You'll be left with an answer that's either less than or greater than your variable.

For instance, with the equation 3 > 5x - 2, we would solve just like we would for a normal equation:

3 > 5x - 2
5 > 5x
1 > x, or x < 1.

This means that every number less than one works for x. In other words, x can be 0, -1, -2, and so on. If we plug these numbers into the equation for x, we'll always get an answer less than 3.

One algebra topic that many beginners struggle with is solving quadratic equations. Quadratics are equations with the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, and c are numbers (except that a can't be 0.) These equations are solved with the formula:

$x=\frac{-b±\sqrt{{b}^{2}-4ac}}{2a}$

Be careful - the +/- sign means you need to find the answers for adding and subtracting, so you can have two answers for these types of problems.

As an example, let's solve the quadratic formula 3x2 + 2x -1 = 0.

$x=\frac{-b±\sqrt{{b}^{2}-4ac}}{2a}$

$x=\frac{-2±\sqrt{{2}^{2}-4\left(3\right)\left(-1\right)}}{2\left(3\right)}$

$x=\frac{-2±\sqrt{4-\left(-12\right)}}{6}$

$x=\frac{-2±\sqrt{16}}{6}$

$x=\frac{-2±4}{6}$

x = -1 and 1/3

Experiment with systems of equations

Solving more than one equation at once may sound super-tricky, but when you're working with simple algebra equations, it's not actually that hard. Often, algebra teachers use a graphing approach for solving these problems. When you're working with a system of two equations, the solutions are the points on a graph that the lines for both equations cross at.

For example, let's say we're working with a system that contains the equations y = 3x - 2 and y = -x - 6. If we draw these two lines on a graph, we get one line that goes up at a steep angle, and one that goes down at a mild angle. Since these lines cross at the point (-1,-5), this is a solution to the system.

If we want to check our problem, we can do this by plugging our answer into the equations in the system - a right answer should "work" for both.

y = 3x - 2
-5 = 3(-1) - 2
-5 = -3 - 2
-5 = -5

y = -x - 6
-5 = -(-1) - 6
-5 = 1 - 6
-5 = -5

Both equations "check out," so our answer is right!

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