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Computer Networking Protocols and Standards

Network Cabling and Components
Although the power and sophistication of networking protocols and software is impressive, a network could not operate without physical cable and components. Even a wireless network needs physical components such as access points. More ...

IPv4 Address Classes
Originally, IP network numbers were defined with rigid boundaries and grouped into address classes. Even though address classes was created to facilitate efficient use of the IPv4 address space, because of its rigidity it has been abandoned for more flexible classless addressing. More ...

IPv6 Global Unicast Addresses
Global unicast addresses (GUAs) are globally routable and reachable in the IPv6 Internet; they are equivalent to public IPv4 addresses. GUA addresses are also known as aggregatable global unicast addresses. More ...

What's the Difference Between a Packet and a Frame?
When speaking of the data in a network, people often call everything a packet. A more proper generic term would be protocol data unit or PDU. The specific name for a PDU depends on at what layer the data unit is in the OSI model. More ...

Active Directory : How Objects Are Stored and Identified
Data stored in Active Directory is presented to the user in a hierarchical fashion. There are two types of objects: containers and non-containers. The most common type of container in Active Directory is an OU (Organizational Unit). Non-container objects are also known as leaf nodes. More ...

IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP)
Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) is used by IPv6 hosts for Router Discovery, Neighbor Discovery and Duplicate Address Discovery. More ...

Classless IP Addressing
In the beginning, classful addressing was a great idea for keeping IP addresses organized. But as the Internet grew, and IP addresses became scarce, classful addressing was found to be too limiting. Classless IP addressing, known as Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) was released in September 1993. More ...

Link Aggregation
If all ports on a switch are operating at the same speed, the ports most likely to experience congestion are ports connecting to another switch or router. To help alleviate congested links between switches, you can logically combine multiple physical connections into a single logical connection. More ...

Introducing OpenStack
OpenStack is one of the most popular cloud computing management packages. OpenStack provides a common platform for controlling clouds of servers, storage, network, and even application resources. OpenStack is managed through a web-based interface, a command-line interface (CLI), and an application programming interface (API). More ...

The OSI Application Layer
This layer provides the interface between applications and the Network Operating System (NOS). The Application layer provides network services and applications such as HTTP, FTP, TELNET and SMP. More ...

IEEE 802.11 Wireless Modulation Methods
IEEE 802.11 Wireless Modulation Methods More ...

Video - The Upper Layers 5 Through 7 of the OSI Networking Model
In this video by Kevin Wallace you learn about Layers 5 Through 7 of the OSI networking model. More ...

IPv6 Address Auto Configuration
When an IPv6 device first connects to a network, it can configure its own IPv6 address. It does this using a mechanism called MAC-to-EU164. More ...

The OSI Network Layer
The Network layer (OSI layer 3) uses routable protocols to deliver data packets to networks connected through routers. Routing is the process of moving data packets from one network or network segment to another. More ...

TCP/IP Features
In just 24 sessions of one hour or less, using this book's straightforward, step-by-step approach, you'll discover how to implement, monitor, and manage a TCP/IP network?even the latest cloud-based and IPv6 networks. More ...


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