Antimatter
Antimatter is a substance made up of subatomic particles that have the same mass as ordinary matter, but with opposite electric charge and parity. For example, an electron has a negative charge, while the positron, has a positive charge. More ...
Particle Accelerators
The fundamental process in creating unknown particles is to accelerate known particles, such as protons or electrons, and direct a beam of them toward a target. More ...
The Four Fundamental Forces of the Universe
Despite the apparent complexity within the universe, there are just four basic forces. These forces are responsible for all interactions known to science: from the very small to the very large to those that we experience in our day-to-day lives. More ...
Hadrons and Leptons
Particles can be grouped according to what forces they feel between them. Hadrons are particles that feel the strong nuclear force, whereas leptons are particles that do not. More ...
The Normal Force
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Understand E = mc^2
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Magnetic Fields
A magnet creates a magnetic field around it that describes the force exerted on other magnets placed in the field. As with electric fields, the pictorial representation of magnetic field lines is very useful for visualizing the strength and direction of the magnetic field. More ...
How to Enrich Uranium
Uranium enrichment increases the percentage of uranium-235 (U-235) in uranium. Natural uranium has 0.7% U-235, while nuclear reactor fuel needs 3-5%. More ...
Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration
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The Periodic Table of the Elements
The periodic table arranges all the known elements into rows (called periods) and columns (called groups). All elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells. Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons. More ...
